Connect to Wi-Fi From Terminal on Ubuntu 22.04/20.04 with WPA Supplicant

In this tutorial, we are going to learn how to connect to Wi-Fi network from the command line on Ubuntu 22.04/20.04 server and desktop using wpa_supplicant. In a modern home wireless network, communications are protected with WPA-PSK (pre-shared key) as opposed to WPA-Enterprise, which is designed for enterprise networks. WPA-PSK is also known as WPA-Personal. wpa_supplicant is an implementation of the WPA supplicant component. A supplicant in wireless LAN is client software installed on end-user’s computer that needs to be authenticated in order to join a network.

Please note that you will need to install the wpa_supplicant software before connecting to Wi-Fi, so you need to connect to Wired Ethernet first, which is done for just one time. If you don’t like this method, please don’t be mad at me. Maybe someday Ubuntu will ship wpa_supplicant on a clean install.

Step 1: Find The Name of Your Wireless Interface And Wireless Network

Run iwconfig command to find the name of your wireless interface.

iwconfig

wlan0 used to be a common name for wireless network interface on Linux systems without Systemd. Because Ubuntu uses Systemd, you are going to find that your wireless network interface is named something like wlp4s0. You can also see that it’s not associated with any access point right now.

If your wireless interface isn’t shown, perhaps you need to bring it up with the following command.

sudo ifconfig wlp4s0 up

Then find your wireless network name by scanning nearby networks with the command below. Replace wlp4s0 with your own wireless interface name. ESSID is the network name identifier.

sudo iwlist wlp4s0 scan | grep ESSID

Step 2: Connect to Wi-Fi Network With WPA_Supplicant

Now install wpa_supplicant on Ubuntu 22.04/20.04 from the default software repository.

sudo apt install wpasupplicant

We need to create a file named wpa_supplicant.conf using the wpa_passphrase utility. wpa_supplicant.conf is the configuration file describing all networks that the user wants the computer to connect to. Run the following command to create this file. Replace ESSID and Wi-Fi passphrase with your own.

wpa_passphrase your-ESSID your-wifi-passphrase | sudo tee /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf

Note that in the above screenshot, I wrapped my ESSID with double-quotes, because my ESSID contains whitespace.

The output of wpa_passphrase command will be piped to tee, and then written to the /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf file. Now use the following command to connect your wireless card to wireless access point.

sudo wpa_supplicant -c /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf -i wlp4s0

The following output indicates your wireless card is successfully connected to an access point.

Successfully initialized wpa_supplicant
wlp4s0: SME: Trying to authenticate with c5:4a:21:53:ac:eb (SSID='LinuxBabe.Com Network' freq=2437 MHz)
wlp4s0: Trying to associate with c5:4a:21:53:ac:eb (SSID='LinuxBabe.Com Network' freq=2437 MHz)
wlp4s0: Associated with c5:4a:21:53:ac:eb
wlp4s0: CTRL-EVENT-SUBNET-STATUS-UPDATE status=0
wlp4s0: WPA: Key negotiation completed with c5:4a:21:53:ac:eb [PTK=CCMP GTK=CCMP]
wlp4s0: CTRL-EVENT-CONNECTED - Connection to c5:4a:21:53:ac:eb completed [id=0 id_str=]

Note that if you are using Ubuntu desktop edition, then you need to stop Network Manager with the following command, otherwise it will cause a connection problem when using wpa_supplicant.

sudo systemctl stop NetworkManager

And disable NetworkManager auto-start at boot time by executing the following command.

sudo systemctl disable NetworkManager-wait-online NetworkManager-dispatcher NetworkManager

By default, wpa_supplicant runs in the foreground. If the connection is completed, then open up another terminal window and run

iwconfig

You can see that the wireless interface is now associated with an access point.

You can press CTRL+C to stop the current wpa_supplicant process and run it in the background by adding the -B flag.

sudo wpa_supplicant -B -c /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf -i wlp4s0

Although we’re authenticated and connected to a wireless network, we don’t have an IP address yet. To obtain a private IP address from DHCP server, use the following command:

sudo dhclient wlp4s0

Now your wireless interface has a private IP address, which can be shown with:

ip addr show wlp4s0

Now you can access the Internet. To release the private IP address, run

sudo dhclient wlp4s0 -r

Connecting to Hidden Wireless Network

If your wireless router doesn’t broadcast ESSID, then you need to add the following line in /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf file.

scan_ssid=1

Like below:

network={
        ssid="LinuxBabe.Com Network"
        #psk="12345qwert"
        psk=68add4c5fee7dc3d0dac810f89b805d6d147c01e281f07f475a3e0195
        scan_ssid=1
}

Step 3: Auto-Connect At Boot Time

To automatically connect to wireless network at boot time, we need to edit the wpa_supplicant.service file. It’s a good idea to copy the file from /lib/systemd/system/ directory to /etc/systemd/system/ directory, then edit the file content, because we don’t want a newer version of wpa_supplicant to override our modifications.

sudo cp /lib/systemd/system/wpa_supplicant.service /etc/systemd/system/wpa_supplicant.service

Edit the file with a command-line text editor, such as Nano.

sudo nano /etc/systemd/system/wpa_supplicant.service

Find the following line.

ExecStart=/sbin/wpa_supplicant -u -s -O /run/wpa_supplicant

Change it to the following. Here we added the configuration file and the wireless interface name to the ExecStart command.

ExecStart=/sbin/wpa_supplicant -u -s -c /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf -i wlp4s0

It’s recommended to always try to restart wpa_supplicant when failure is detected. Add the following right below the ExecStart line.

Restart=always

If you can find the following line in this file, comment it out (Add the # character at the beginning of the line).

Alias=dbus-fi.w1.wpa_supplicant1.service

Save and close the file. (To save a file in Nano text editor, press Ctrl+O, then press Enter to confirm. To exit, press Ctrl+X.) Then reload systemd.

sudo systemctl daemon-reload

Enable wpa_supplicant service to start at boot time.

sudo systemctl enable wpa_supplicant.service

We also need to start dhclient at boot time to obtain a private IP address from DHCP server. This can be achieved by creating a systemd service unit for dhclient.

sudo nano /etc/systemd/system/dhclient.service

Put the following text into the file.

[Unit]
Description= DHCP Client
Before=network.target
After=wpa_supplicant.service

[Service]
Type=forking
ExecStart=/sbin/dhclient wlp4s0 -v
ExecStop=/sbin/dhclient wlp4s0 -r
Restart=always
 
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target

Save and close the file. Then enable this service.

sudo systemctl enable dhclient.service

How to Obtain a Static IP Address

If you want to obtain a static IP address, then you need to disable dhclient.service.

sudo systemctl disable dhclient.service

We need to use netplan to configure static IP address on Ubuntu 22.04/20.04. Create a configuration file under /etc/netplan/.

sudo nano /etc/netplan/10-wifi.yaml

Add the following lines to this file. Replace 192.168.0.102 with your preferred IP address. Please be careful about the indentation. An extra space would make the configuration invalid.

network:
    ethernets:
        wlp4s0:
            dhcp4: no
            addresses: [192.168.0.102/24]
            gateway4: 192.168.0.1
    version: 2

Save and close the file. Then apply the configurations.

sudo netplan apply

You can also turn on the --debug option if it doesn’t work as expected.

sudo netplan --debug apply

If there are other .yaml files under /etc/netplan/ directory, then netplan will automatically merge configurations from different files. netplan uses systemd-networkd as the backend network renderer. It’s recommended to configure the wpa_supplicant.service runs before systemd-networkd.service, so the system will first associate with a Wi-Fi access point, then obtain a private IP address.

sudo nano /etc/systemd/system/wpa_supplicant.service

Find the following line.

Before=network.target

Change it to:

Before=network.target systemd-networkd.service

Save and close the file.

Another way to obtain a static IP address is by logging into your router’s management interface and assigning a static IP to the MAC address of your wireless card, if your router supports this feature.

Using a Hostname to Access Services on Ubuntu

Actually, you don’t have to obtain a static IP address for your Ubuntu box. Ubuntu can use mDNS (Multicast DNS) to announce its hostname to the local network and clients can access services on your Ubuntu box with that hostname. This hostname can always be resolved to the IP address of your Ubuntu box, even if the IP address changes.

In order to use mDNS, you need to install avahi-daemon, which is an open-source implementation of mDNS/DNS-SD.

sudo apt install avahi-daemon

Start the service.

sudo systemctl start avahi-daemon

Enable auto-start at boot time.

sudo systemctl enable avahi-daemon

Avahi-daemon listens on UDP 5353, so you need to open this port in the firewall. If you use UFW, then run the following command.

sudo ufw allow 5353/udp

Then you should set a unique hostname for your Ubuntu box with the hostnamectl command. Replace ubuntubox with your preferred hostname, which should not be already taken by other devices in the local network.

sudo hostnamectl set-hostname ubuntubox

Now restart avahi-daemon.

sudo systemctl restart avahi-daemon

If you check the status with

systemctl status avahi-daemon

you can see the mDNS hostname, which ends with the .local domain.

On the client computer, you also need to install an mDNS/DNS-SD software.

• Linux users should install avahi-daemon.
• Windows users need to enable the Bonjour service by either installing the Bonjour print service or installing iTunes.
• On macOS, Bonjour is pre-installed.

Now you can access services by using the ubuntubox.local hostname, eliminating the need to check and type IP address.

Unblock Wifi on Raspberry Pi

The Ubuntu ARM OS for Raspberry Pi blocks wireless interface by default. You need to unblock it with:

sudo rfkill unblock wifi

To unblock it at boot time, create a systemd service unit.

sudo nano /etc/systemd/system/unblock-wifi.service

Add the following lines to it.

[Unit]
Description=RFKill Unblock WiFi Devices
Requires=wpa_supplicant.service
After=wpa_supplicant.service

[Service]
Type=oneshot
ExecStart=/usr/sbin/rfkill unblock wifi
ExecStop=
RemainAfterExit=yes

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target

Save and close the file. Enable auto-start at boot time.

sudo systemctl enable unblock-wifi

I found that the unblock-wifi.service should run after the wpa_supplicant.service starts, otherwise it can’t unblock wifi. Note that if you have installed a desktop environment, there’s probably a network manager running that can interfere with the connection. You need to disable it. For example, I use the lightweight LXQT desktop environment on Raspberry Pi (sudo apt install lubuntu-desktop) and need to disable connman.service and NetworkManager.service.

sudo systemctl disable connman.service NetworkManager.service

Recommended Reading

• How to Use Systemd on Linux – Manage Services, Run Levels and Logs

Multiple Wi-Fi Networks

The /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf configuration file can include multiple Wi-Fi networks. wpa_supplicant will automatically select the best network based on the order of network blocks in the configuration file, network security level, and signal strength.

To add a second Wi-Fi network, run

wpa_passphrase your-ESSID your-wifi-passphrase | sudo tee -a /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf

Note that you need to use the -a option with the tee command, which will append, instead of deleting the original content, the new Wifi-network to the file.

Wi-Fi Security

Do not use WPA2 TKIP or WPA2 TKIP+AES as the encryption method in your Wi-Fi router. TKIP is not considered secure anymore. You can use WPA2-AES as the encryption method.

You should use a very long password for WPA2 networks. I use the pwgen command line tool to generate a random 63-character password.

sudo apt install pwgen

pwgen -sy 63

pwgen will print a list of random passwords. You need to choose one of the lines as your password.

PjF<OUz/W0`t[6!%mcP1?wLo&"y+iCF7_48nJjv.@>/qT:3/F\>4k:_>)1lKf:I
o*S+CEKf]I~\MudHu9}r%cjv@wE&^*7Wpuf5#%6y8"SlsaHlJ9;lCMYO6d"LHzz
093=t.'$g[!#twvgrY[t"d?J0!j9c\|el,;HhieC<gETlT=AK(z^T["w@o*kLsI
h&agCTMcjFQ<6NIk43&QP3'0N]wc;R1Nv=#)7cDlbdIl|or#3SM&nfU><~g;gb/
v`"<U=bkl0WJ\@~W5Gj*r?Khmgc_n@'`'qmRqg;"/Kz$$nP4G_/h%=MU|=ksp1"
Q}p4UcN*4)JNLox?!b(~7znsKARI]j{N5v5s=DcUuVuE,_H}N):/^P@<eFxlqIP
zsX#nkGWX]-GT1&-8g6E8$htcv_sq7V7DWTRg.^r].$w"=>vswoxcV_Yi#Ji=Pw
PVhk7]=kBMO3]S;Bb<`\?]CC5=|Lt/t%Sb>PaLLC3>3u!zguCcd$1P!.a@CR/cB
4Lgi3ZB(pGaM+(X#f."A6HC3lSbJQPUTJ5NWCWlG3q9[nB9#Z##sR(<VPi&IsL|
R]@klw4qRf&=(`/jcC6KcsQ~)*Mz7qJtfv.G7Ha}M@/hM]wv^=`nQAe$T.;{b}b
(M0^bIXjGNHdXwH.\C(b8`f3T}mU?C_v+PCz6>bACEV'<p*7%bagbKbL?UxN$g7
L1]6EI=0}N[LF9OGk)|#fnaCMc@7o;?<5pQp;3nEKp/421Zd=`JZ"3=W{#m%Y>)
"N*#43Nmf~R?i1<}vePGah;TU4_pJdg,tBSx-3T$;>dqYXA@1Hq3nwvAqX{dwgh
;Mhc7`G2ola&5FjoeiO9"$*%uE@i<}QL|";E2vkOY(Y4QNk5-<lI2`.}ZQ?lOXP
eUV=}'h*08owz%?J"r+:j@V)*jDEZQ%:eK(j9w%L$e`T]`d6[\E-kWmLsClqO/c
RY;2[88jqTjgg)gE5g[to8.$6rW45|cob~8i#jZt@Uf;wd0n`V2C#?Q}uL}i@@E
4jEZaxaw?rqFy8jVD@vlC(WE#Wxyu^aE#Y|x:=@yXk>A8utviqctR/D9Qe$VW[x
cZ<yeyj&&h\'09mK}mS1JXV`;#0@c}rI&9`$Oz86Brd^kDmGokQy_pQQGR2gNEJ
2pmK"wLx<8]|*E*jEuYC]g-vaow-YJ,XR?0m"W|`^y"@7i~n47/#cunU:t3j/4M
;_"phXzS2YACUeJuX6c99l.H&tYOW(@Qoa1?BKg|dn`6C!S``POteF\)m\?p-J)

To make it easy for smartphone users to connect to your network, you can use the qrencode command line utility to generate a QR code, which will be saved as wi-fi.png file.

sudo apt install qrencode

sudo qrencode -o wi-fi.png -s 10 'WIFI:S:your_ssid;T:WPA;P:your_password;;'

Then scan the QR code with your smartphone and you will be able to join the wireless network. I print this QR code with my printer and put it on my Wi-Fi router, so my guests can easily join my home network.

Wrapping Up

I hope this tutorial helped you connect Ubuntu 22.04/20.04 to Wi-Fi network from the command line with WPA Supplicant. As always, if you found this post useful, then subscribe to our free newsletter to get more tips and tricks 🙂